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Next-generation mobile networks promise to support high throughput, massiveconnectivity, and improved energy efficiency. To achieve these ambitious goals,extremely large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs) and terahertz communicationsconstitute a pair of promising technologies. This will result in futurewireless communications occurring in the near-field regions. To accuratelyportray the channel characteristics of near-field wireless propagation,spherical wavefront-based models are required and present both opportunities aswell as challenges. Following the basics of near-field communications (NFC), wecontrast it to conventional far-field communications. Moreover, we cover thekey challenges of NFC, including its channel modeling and estimation,near-field beamfocusing, as well as hardware design. Our numerical resultsdemonstrate the potential of NFC in improving the spatial multiplexing gain andpositioning accuracy. Finally, a suite of open issues are identified formotivating future research.

Toward Beamfocusing-Aided Near-Field Communications: Research Advances, Potential, and Challenges