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A volume penalization-based immersed boundary technique is developed andthoroughly validated for fluid flow problems, specifically flow over bluffbodies. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in an Open Source FieldOperation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM). For capturing the fluid-solid interfacemore accurately, the grid is refined near the solid surface using topoSetDictand refineMeshDict utilities in OpenFOAM. In order to avoid any numericaloscillation, the present volume penalization method (VPM) is integrated with asigned distance function, which is also referred to as a level-set function.Benchmark problems, such as flows around a cylinder and a sphere, areconsidered and thoroughly validated with the results available in theliterature. For the flow over a stationary cylinder, the Reynolds number isvaried so that it covers from a steady 2D (two-dimensional) flow to an unsteady3D (three-dimensional) flow. The capability of the present solver has beenfurther verified by considering the flow past a vibrating cylinder in thecross-stream direction. In addition, a flow over a sphere, which is inherentlythree-dimensional due to its geometrical shape, is validated in both steady andunsteady regimes. The results obtained by the present VPM show good agreementwith those obtained by a body-fitted grid using the same numerical scheme asthat of the VPM, and also with those reported in the literature. The presentresults indicate that the VPM-based immersed boundary technique can be widelyapplicable to scientific and engineering problems involving flow paststationary and moving bluff bodies of arbitrary geometry.

Implementation of a level-set based volume penalization method for solving fluid flows around bluff bodies in OpenFOAM