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As impact of COVID-19 pandemic winds down, both individuals and societygradually return to pre-pandemic activities. This study aims to explore howpeople's emotions have changed from the pre-pandemic during the pandemic topost-emergency period and whether it has returned to pre-pandemic level. Wecollected Reddit data in 2019 (pre-pandemic), 2020 (peak pandemic), 2021, and2022 (late stages of pandemic, transitioning period to post-emergency period)from subreddits in 128 universities/colleges in the U.S., and a set ofschool-level characteristics. We predicted two sets of sentiments from apre-trained Robustly Optimized BERT pre-training approach (RoBERTa) and graphattention network (GAT) that leverages both rich semantic and relationalinformation among posted messages and then applied a logistic stacking methodto obtain the final sentiment classification. After obtaining sentiment labelfor each message, we used a generalized linear mixed-effects model to estimatetemporal trend in sentiment from 2019 to 2022 and how school-level factors mayaffect sentiment. Compared to the year 2019, the odds of negative sentiment inyears 2020, 2021, and 2022 are 24%, 4.3%, and 10.3% higher, respectively, whichare all statistically significant(adjusted $p$<0.05). Our study findingssuggest a partial recovery in the sentiment composition in thepost-pandemic-emergency era. The results align with common expectations andprovide a detailed quantification of how sentiments have evolved from 2019 to2022.

Has Sentiment Returned to the Pre-pandemic Level? A Sentiment Analysis Using U.S. College Subreddit Data from 2019 to 2022