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This paper presents a new generation of fast-running physics-based models topredict the wake of a semi-infinite wind farm, extending infinitely in thelateral direction but with finite size in the streamwise direction. Theassumption of a semi-infinite wind farm enables concurrent solving of thelaterally-averaged momentum equations in both streamwise and spanwisedirections. The developed model captures important physical phenomena such asvertical top-down transport of energy into the farm, variable wake recoveryrate due to the farm-generated turbulence, and also wake deflection due toturbine yaw misalignment and Coriolis force. Of special note is the model'scapability to predict and shed light on the counteracting effect of Coriolisforce causing wake deflections in both positive and negative directions.Moreover, the impact of wind-farm layout configuration on the flow distributionis modelled through a parameter called the local deficit coefficient. Modelpredictions were validated against large-eddy simulations extending up to 45kilometres downstream of wind farms. Detailed analyses were performed to studythe impacts of various factors such as incoming turbulence, wind-farm size,inter-turbine spacing, and wind-farm layout on the farm wake.

A fast-running physics-based wake model for a semi-infinite wind farm