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As a promising technique, extremely large-scale (XL)-arrays offer potentialsolutions for overcoming the severe path loss in millimeter-wave (mmWave) andTeraHertz (THz) channels, crucial for enabling 6G. Nevertheless, XL-arraysintroduce deviations in electromagnetic propagation compared to traditionalarrays, fundamentally challenging the assumption with the planar-wave model.Instead, it ushers in the spherical-wave (SW) model to accurately represent thenear-field propagation characteristics, significantly increasing signalprocessing complexity. Fortunately, the SW model shows remarkable benefits onsensing and communications (S\&C), e.g., improving communication multiplexingcapability, spatial resolution, and degrees of freedom. In this context, thisarticle first overviews hardware/algorithm challenges, fundamental potentials,promising applications of near-field S\&C enabled by XL-arrays. To overcome thelimitations of existing XL-arrays with dense uniform array layouts and improveS\&C applications, we introduce sparse arrays (SAs). Exploring their potential,we propose XL-SAs for mmWave/THz systems using multi-subarray designs. Finally,several applications, challenges and resarch directions are identified.

Enhancing Near-Field Sensing and Communications with Sparse Arrays: Potentials, Challenges, and Emerging Trends