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When two electrolyte-immersed electrodes have different temperatures, avoltage $\Delta \psi$ can be measured between them. This electrolyte Seebeckeffect is usually explained by cations and anions flowing differently inthermal gradients. However, our molecular dynamics simulations of aqueouselectrolytes reveal a large temperature-dependent potential drop $\chi$ nearblocking electrodes caused by water layering and orientation. The difference insurface potentials at hot and cold electrodes is more important to the Seebeckeffect than ionic thermodiffusion, $\Delta \psi \sim \chi_{\rm hot}-\chi_{\rmcold}$.

Water, not salt, causes most of the Seebeck effect of nonisothermal aqueous electrolytes