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Tin perovskites are the most promising environmentally friendly alternativeto lead perovskites. Among tin perovskites, FASnI3 (CH4N2SnI3) shows optimumband gap, and easy processability. However, the performance of FASnI3 basedsolar cells is incomparable to lead perovskites for several reasons, includingenergy band mismatch between the perovskite absorber film and the chargetransporting layers (CTLs) for both types of carriers, i.e., for electrons(ETLs) and holes (HTLs). However, the band diagrams in the literature areinconsistent, and the charge extraction dynamics are poorly understood. In thispaper, we study the energy band positions of FASnI3 based perovskites usingKelvin probe (KP) and photoelectron yield spectroscopy (PYS) to provide aprecise band diagram of the most used device stack. In addition, we analyze thedefects within the current energetic landscape of tin perovskites. We uncoverthe role of bathocuproine (BCP) in enhancing the electron extraction at thefullerene C60/BCP interface. Furthermore, we used transient surfacephotovoltage (tr-SPV) for the first time for tin perovskites to understand thecharge extraction dynamics of the most reported HTLs such as NiOx and PEDOT,and ETLs such as C60, ICBA, and PCBM. Finally, we used Hall effect, KP, andtime-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) to estimate an accurate value of thep-doping concentration in FASnI3 and showed a consistent result of 1.5 * 1017cm-3. Our findings prove that the energetic system of tin halide perovskites isdeformed and should be redesigned independently from lead perovskites to unlockthe full potential of tin perovskites.

Photovoltaic potential of tin perovskites revealed through layer-by-layer investigation of optoelectronic and charge transport properties