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We report the detection of a 13$\sigma$ H$\alpha$ emission line from HDF850.1at $z=5.188\pm0.001$ using the FRESCO NIRCam F444W grism observations.Detection of H$\alpha$ in HDF850.1 is noteworthy, given its high far-IRluminosity, substantial dust obscuration, and the historical challenges inderiving its redshift. HDF850.1 shows a clear detection in the F444W imagingdata, distributed between a northern and southern component, mirroring thatseen in [CII] from the Plateau de Bure Interferometer. Modeling the SED of eachcomponent separately, we find that the northern component has a higher mass,star formation rate (SFR), and dust extinction than the southern component. Theobserved H$\alpha$ emission appears to arise entirely from the less-obscuredsouthern component and shows a similar $\Delta$v$\sim$+130 km/s velocity offsetto that seen for [CII] relative to the source systemic redshift. LeveragingH$\alpha$-derived redshifts from FRESCO observations, we find that HDF850.1 isforming in one of the richest environments identified to date at $z>5$, with100 $z=5.17-5.20$ galaxies distributed across 10 structures and a $\sim$(15cMpc)$^3$ volume. Based on the evolution of analogous structures incosmological simulations, the $z=5.17-5.20$ structures seem likely to collapseinto a single $>$10$^{14}$ $M_{\odot}$ cluster by $z\sim0$. Comparing galaxyproperties forming within this overdensity with those outside, we find themasses, SFRs, and $UV$ luminosities inside the overdensity to be clearlyhigher. The prominence of H$\alpha$ line emission from HDF850.1 and other knownhighly-obscured $z>5$ galaxies illustrates the potential of NIRCam-grismprograms to map both the early build-up of IR-luminous galaxies and overdensestructures.

Mapping dusty galaxy growth at $z>5$ with FRESCO: Detection of H$\alpha$ in submm galaxy HDF850.1 and the surrounding overdense structures