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Account abstraction allows a contract wallet to initiate transactionexecution. Thus, account abstraction is useful for preserving the privacy ofexternally owned accounts (EOAs) because it can remove a transaction issuedfrom an EOA to the contract wallet and hides who issued the transaction byadditionally employing anonymous authentication procedures such as ringsignatures. However, unconditional anonymity is undesirable in practice becauseit prevents to reveal who is accountable for a problem when it arises. Thus,maintaining a balancing between anonymity and accountability is important.  In this paper, we propose an anonymous yet accountable contract walletsystem. In addition to account abstraction, the proposed system also utilizesaccountable ring signatures (Bootle et al., ESORICS 2015). The proposed systemprovides (1) anonymity of a transaction issuer that hides who agreed withrunning the contract wallet, and (2) accountability of the issuer, which allowsthe issuer to prove they agreed with running the contract wallet. Moreover, dueto a security requirement of accountable ring signatures, the transactionissuer cannot claim that someone else issued the transaction. Thisfunctionality allows us to clarify the accountability involved in issuing atransaction. In addition, the proposed system allows an issuer to employ atypical signature scheme, e.g., ECDSA, together with the ring signature scheme.This functionality can be considered an extension of the commonmulti-signatures that require a certain number of ECDSA signatures to run acontract wallet. The proposed system was implemented using zkSync (Solidity).We discuss several potential applications of the proposed system, i.e., medicalinformation sharing and asset management.

An Anonymous yet Accountable Contract Wallet System using Account Abstraction