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The physical collisions of two white dwarfs (WDs) (i.e. not slow mergers)have been shown to produce type-Ia-like supernovae (SNe) explosions. Moststudies of WD-collisions have focused on zero impact-parameter (direct)collisions, which can also be studied in 2D. However, the vast majority of WDcollisions arising from any evolutionary channels suggested to date, areexpected to be indirect, i.e. have a non-negligible impact parameter uponcollision. Here we use the highest resolution 3D simulations to date (makinguse of the AREPO code), in order to explore both direct and indirect collisionsand the conditions in which they give rise to a detonation and the productionof a luminous SNe. Using our simulations, we find a detonation criterion thatcan provide the critical impact parameter for an explosion to occur, dependingon the density profile of the colliding WDs, their composition, and theircollision velocities. We find that the initial velocity has a significantimpact on the amount of 56Ni production from the explosion. Furthermore, the56Ni production is also strongly dependent on the numerical resolution. Whileour results from the head-on collision with large initial velocities producemore 56Ni than previous simulations, those with small and comparable velocitiesproduce significantly less 56Ni than previous works.

Thermonuclear explosion criteria for direct and indirect collisions of CO white dwarfs: a study of the impact-parameter threshold for detonation