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The growth of megaconstellations is rapidly increasing the number of rocketlaunches. While Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband satellites help to connectunconnected communities and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),there are also significant environmental emissions impacts from burning rocketfuels. We present sustainability analytics for phase 1 of the three main LEOconstellations including Amazon Kuiper (3,236 satellites), Eutelsat Group`sOneWeb (648 satellites), and SpaceX Starlink (4,425 satellites). We find thatLEO megaconstellations provide substantially improved broadband speeds forrural and remote communities, but are roughly 6-8 times more emissionsintensive (250 kg CO2eq/subscriber/year) than comparative terrestrial mobilebroadband. In the worst-case emissions scenario, this rises to 12-14 times more(469 kg CO2eq/subscriber/year). Policy makers must carefully consider thetrade-off between connecting unconnected communities to further the SDGs andmitigating the growing space sector environmental footprint, particularlyregarding phase 2 plans to launch an order-of-magnitude more satellites.

Sustainability assessment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite broadband megaconstellations