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Traditional blockchains cannot achieve the same transaction throughput asWeb2, so their use cases are limited. Therefore, state sharding has beenproposed to improve transaction throughput by dividing the blockchain networkand managing states and transactions in parallel. However, Nightshade in theNEAR Protocol, a type of state sharding, provides a rollback protocol to cancelthe generation of blocks containing inconsistent transaction results becauseprocessing cross-shard transactions (CSTXs) in a 2-phase commit may cause stateinconsistency. We present a new attack that interferes with the generation ofnew blocks by repeatedly executing CSTXs that certainly causes stateinconsistency, causing continuous rollback. We also propose a block-generationprotocol called Synchro to incorporate all the state changes of each CSTX intothe same block by coordinating the block prior to approving transactions ineach shard. Synchro eliminates the occurrence of the state inconsistency causedby the CSTXs and the necessity of the rollback protocol. We use zero-knowledgeproof to make Synchro scalable in the global validation phase. Although theactual overhead of the zero-knowledge proof has not yet been evaluated, we showthat Synchro could achieve the same transaction throughput as Nightshadetheoretically, depending on the future innovations in zero-knowledge prooftechniques.

Synchro: Block-generation Protocol to Synchronously Process Cross-shard Transactions in State Sharding