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While we typically focus on data visualization as a tool for facilitatingcognitive tasks (e.g., learning facts, making decisions), we know relativelylittle about their second-order impacts on our opinions, attitudes, and values.For example, could design or framing choices interact with viewers' socialcognitive biases in ways that promote political polarization? When reporting onU.S. attitudes toward public policies, it is popular to highlight the gapbetween Democrats and Republicans (e.g., with blue vs red connected dot plots).But these charts may encourage social-normative conformity, influencingviewers' attitudes to match the divided opinions shown in the visualization. Weconducted three experiments examining visualization framing in the context ofsocial conformity and polarization. Crowdworkers viewed charts showingsimulated polling results for public policy proposals. We varied framing(aggregating data as non-partisan "All US Adults," or partisan "Democrat" and"Republican") and the visualized groups' support levels. Participants thenreported their own support for each policy. We found that participants'attitudes biased significantly toward the group attitudes shown in the stimuliand this can increase inter-party attitude divergence. These resultsdemonstrate that data visualizations can induce social conformity andaccelerate political polarization. Choosing to visualize partisan divisions candivide us further.

Polarizing Political Polls: How Visualization Design Choices Can Shape Public Opinion and Increase Political Polarization