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Optical trapping and binding systems are non-Hermitian. On one hand, theoptical force is non-Hermitian and may pump energy into the trapped particlewhen the non-Hermiticity is sufficiently large. On the other hand, the ambientdamping constitutes a loss to the particle. Here, we show that in alow-friction environment, the interplay between the energy pumped-in by lightand the ambient dissipation can give rise to either instability or a periodicvibration characterized by a finite quality factor (Q-factor). Through acomprehensive exploration, we analyze the influence of various parameters onthe non-Hermitian force field. Our investigation reveals several strategies forenhancing the non-Hermitian force field, such as augmenting particle radius andrefractive index, utilizing triangular lattice optical clusters, and reducinglattice constants.

Apply Non-Hermitian Physics to Realize Ultra-High-Quality Factors of Optically Trapped Particles