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Large-scale centralized development of wind and solar energy and peer-to-gridtransmission of renewable energy source (RES) via high voltage direct current(HVDC) has been regarded as one of the most promising ways to achieve goals ofpeak carbon and carbon neutrality in China. Traditionally, large-scale thermalgeneration is needed to economically support the load demand of HVDC with agiven profile, which in turn raises concerns about carbon emissions. To addressthe issues above, hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) and ammonia energystorage system (AESS) are introduced to gradually replace thermal generation,which is represented as a multi-stage expansion planning (MSEP) problem.Specifically, first, HESS and AESS are established in the MSEP model withcarbon emission reduction constraints, and yearly data with hourly timeresolution are utilized for each stage to well describe the intermittence ofRES. Then, a combined Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition (DWD) and column generation(CG) solution approach is proposed to efficiently solve the large-scale MSEPmodel. Finally, a real-life system in China is studied. The results indicatethat HESS and AESS have the potential to handle the intermittence of RES, aswell as the monthly imbalance between RES and load demand. Especially under thegoal of carbon neutrality, the contribution of HESS and AESS in reducinglevelized cost of energy (LCOE) reaches 12.28% and 14.59%, respectively, whichfinally leads to a LCOE of 0.4324 RMB/kWh.

Multi-Stage Expansion Planning for Decarbonizing Thermal Generation Supported Renewable Power Systems Using Hydrogen and Ammonia Storage