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While political polarization has increased as measured through surveys,currently we lack comprehensive, longitudinal, and ecologically validmeasurement of the polarization of online political speech that spans socialmedia platforms. Using language models, we analyze ~2.5 billion comments onReddit and Twitter across ~1.7 million accounts from 2007-2023 and find thatpolarized speech has been rising on both platforms since their inception, withoutgroup polarization levels higher on Twitter than Reddit. On Twitter, whileU.S. politicians on the left have been consistently more polarized thaneveryday users, politicians on the right experienced the highest growth inpolarization, overtaking journalists, media, and everyday users over the pastfour years. Today, politicians, the group listened to the most for theirpolitical rhetoric, are far more polarized than everyday users. Additionally,while polarized speech is typically lower for accounts with more followers,right-leaning political influencers are an exception to this trend, which mayinfluence perceptions of polarization on the left versus the right.Polarization is more diffuse across users on Twitter than on Reddit, where itis localized to a few communities. Polarization also varies by topic, withright-leaning users twice as likely to use polarized rhetoric about immigrationas left-leaning users while left-leaning users are somewhat more likely to bepolarized around healthcare. Our large-scale analysis reveals previouslyunknown patterns of polarization across platforms, groups, and topics that willhelp us better contextualize polarized content and potentially intervene toreduce it.

Polarized Speech on Online Platforms