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The Rowhammer vulnerability continues to get worse, with the RowhammerThreshold (TRH) reducing from 139K activations to 4.8K activations over thelast decade. Typical Rowhammer mitigations rely on tracking aggressor rows. Thenumber of possible aggressors increases with lowering thresholds, making itdifficult to reliably track such rows in a storage-efficient manner. At lowerthresholds, academic trackers such as Graphene require prohibitive SRAMoverheads (hundreds of KBs to MB). Recent in-DRAM trackers from industry, suchas DSAC-TRR, perform approximate tracking, sacrificing guaranteed protectionfor reduced storage overheads, leaving DRAM vulnerable to Rowhammer attacks.Ideally, we seek a scalable tracker that tracks securely and precisely, andincurs negligible dedicated SRAM and performance overheads, while still beingable to track arbitrarily low thresholds. To that end, we propose START - aScalable Tracker for Any Rowhammer Threshold. Rather than relying on dedicatedSRAM structures, START dynamically repurposes a small fraction the Last-LevelCache (LLC) to store tracking metadata. START is based on the observation thatwhile the memory contains millions of rows, typical workloads touch only asmall subset of rows within a refresh period of 64ms, so allocating trackingentries on demand significantly reduces storage. If the application does notaccess many rows in memory, START does not reserve any LLC capacity. Otherwise,START dynamically uses 1-way, 2-way, or 8-way of the cache set based on demand.START consumes, on average, 9.4% of the LLC capacity to store metadata, whichis 5x lower compared to dedicating a counter in LLC for each row in memory. Wealso propose START-M, a memory-mapped START for large-memory systems. Ourdesigns require only 4KB SRAM for newly added structures and perform within 1%of idealized tracking even at TRH of less than 100.

Scalable and Configurable Tracking for Any Rowhammer Threshold