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We perform a comprehensive study within quantum chromodynamics (QCD) ofdihadron observables in electron-positron annihilation, semi-inclusivedeep-inelastic scattering, and proton-proton collisions, including recent crosssection data from Belle and azimuthal asymmetries from STAR. We extractsimultaneously for the first time $\pi^+\pi^-$ dihadron fragmentation functions(DiFFs) and the nucleon transversity distributions for up and down quarks aswell as antiquarks. For the transversity distributions we impose theirsmall-$x$ asymptotic behavior and the Soffer bound. In addition, we utilize anew definition of DiFFs that has a number density interpretation to thencalculate expectation values for the dihadron invariant mass and momentumfraction. Furthermore, we investigate the compatibility of our transversityresults with those from single-hadron fragmentation (from a transverse momentumdependent/collinear twist-3 framework) and the nucleon tensor charges computedin lattice QCD. We find a universal nature to all of this availableinformation. Future measurements of dihadron production can significantlyfurther this research, especially, as we show, those that are sensitive to theregion of large parton momentum fractions.

First Simultaneous Global QCD Analysis of Dihadron Fragmentation Functions and Transversity Parton Distribution Functions