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The flexible-position multiple-input multiple-output (FLP-MIMO), such asfluid antennas and movable antennas, is a promising technology for futurewireless communications. This is due to the fact that the positions of antennasat the transceiver and reflector can be dynamically optimized to achieve betterchannel conditions and, as such, can provide high spectral efficiency (SE) andenergy efficiency (EE) gains with fewer antennas. In this article, we introducethe fundamentals of FLP-MIMO systems, including hardware design, structuredesign, and potential applications. We shall demonstrate that FLP-MIMO, usingfewer flexible antennas, can match the channel hardening achieved by a largenumber of fixed antennas. We will then analyze the SE-EE relationship forFLP-MIMO and fixed-position MIMO. Furthermore, we will design the optimaltrajectory of flexible antennas to maximize system sum SE or total EE at afixed travel distance of each antenna. Finally, several important researchdirections regarding FLP-MIMO communications are presented to facilitatefurther investigation.

Flexible-Position MIMO for Wireless Communications: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Future Directions