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In the polar regions, the interaction between waves and ice has a crucialimpact on the seasonal change in the sea ice extent. However, our comprehensionof this phenomenon is restricted by a lack of observations, which, in turn,results in the exclusion of associated processes from numerical models. Inrecent years, availability of the low-cost and accurate Inertial Motion Unitshas enabled the development of affordable wave research devices. Despiteadvancements in designing innovative open-source instruments optimized fordeployment on ice floes, their customizability and survivability remainlimited, especially in open waters. This study presents a novel design conceptfor an affordable and customizable wave buoy, aimed for wave measurements inmarginal ice zones. The central focus of this wave buoy design is theapplication of 3D printing as rapid prototyping technology. By utilizing thehigh customizability offered by 3D printing, the previously developedsolar-powered wave buoy was customized to install a battery pack to continuethe measurements in the high latitudes for more than several months.Preliminary results from field deployments in the Pacific and Arctic Oceansdemonstrate that the performance of the instruments is promising. The accuracyof frequency wave spectra measurements is found to be comparable to that ofconsiderably more expensive instruments. Finally, the study concludes with ageneral evaluation of using rapid prototyping technologies for buoy designs andproposes recommendations for future designs.

An affordable and customizable wave buoy for the study of wave-ice interactions: design concept and results from field deployments