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Precipitable water vapor (PWV) strongly affects the quality of data obtainedfrom millimeter- and submillimeter-wave astronomical observations, such asthose for cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements. Some of theseobservatories have used radiometers to monitor PWV. In this study, PWV wasmeasured from April 2021 to April 2022 using Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) instruments in the Atacama Desert, Chile, where several millimeter andsubmillimeter-wave telescopes are located. We evaluated the accuracy of thesemeasurements by comparing them to radiometer measurements. We calculated thePWV from GNSS data using Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise PointPositioning (CSRS-PPP), an online software package. When using GNSS data alone,the estimated PWV showed a systematic offset of +1.08 mm. When combining GNSSdata with data from a barometer which was co-located with the GNSS receiver,the estimated PWV showed a lower systematic offset of -0.14 mm. The GNSS PWVshowed a statistical error of 0.52 mm with an averaging time of an hour.Compared to other PWV measurement methods, GNSS instruments are robust in badweather conditions, have sufficient time resolution, and are less expensive. Bydemonstrating good accuracy and precision in low PWV conditions, this papershows that GNSS instruments are valuable tools for PWV measurements forobserving site evaluation and data analysis for ground-based telescopes.

Precipitable Water Vapor Measurement using GNSS Data in the Atacama Desert for Millimeter and Submillimeter Astronomical Observations