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This research contributes to long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) byexploring radio frequency energy-powered sensor nodes (RF-SNs) embedded inconcrete. Unlike traditional in-situ monitoring systems relying on batteries orwire-connected power sources, the RF-SN captures radio energy from a mobileradio transmitter for sensing and communication. This offers a cost-effectivesolution for consistent in-situ perception. To optimize the system performanceacross various situations, we've explored both active and passive communicationmethods. For the active RF-SN, we implement a specialized control circuitenabling the node to transmit data through ZigBee protocol at low incidentpower. For the passive RF-SN, radio energy is not only for power but also as acarrier signal, with data conveyed by modulating the amplitude of thebackscattered radio wave. To address the challenge of significant attenuationof the backscattering signal in concrete, we utilize a square chirp-basedmodulation scheme for passive communication. This scheme allows the receiver tosuccessfully decode the data even under a negative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)condition. The experimental results indicate that an active RF-SN embedded inconcrete at a depth of 13.5 cm can be effectively powered by a 915MHz mobileradio transmitter with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 32.5dBm.This setup allows the RF-SN to send over 1 kilobyte of data within 10 seconds,with an additional 1.7 kilobytes every 1.6 seconds of extra charging. For thepassive RF-SN buried at the same depth, continuous data transmission at a rateof 224 bps with a 3% bit error rate (BER) is achieved when the EIRP of thetransmitter is 23.6 dBm.

Enhancing In-Situ Structural Health Monitoring through RF Energy-Powered Sensor Nodes and Mobile Platform