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Purpose: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functionalconnectivity (FC) have been used to follow aging in both children and olderadults. Robust changes have been observed in children, where high connectivityamong all brain regions changes to a more modular structure with maturation. Inthis work, we examine changes in FC in older adults after two years of aging inthe UK Biobank longitudinal cohort. Approach: We process data using thePower264 atlas, then test whether FC changes in the 2,722-subject longitudinalcohort are statistically significant using a Bonferroni-corrected t-test. Wealso compare the ability of Power264 and UKB-provided, ICA-based FC todetermine which of a longitudinal scan pair is older. Results: We find a 6.8\%average increase in SMT-VIS connectivity from younger to older scan (from$\rho=0.39$ to $\rho=0.42$) that occurs in male, female, older subject ($>65$years old), and younger subject ($<55$ years old) groups. Among allinter-network connections, this average SMT-VIS connectivity is the bestpredictor of relative scan age, accurately predicting which scan is older 57\%of the time. Using the full FC and a training set of 2,000 subjects, one isable to predict which scan is older 82.5\% of the time using either the fullPower264 FC or the UKB-provided ICA-based FC. Conclusions: We conclude thatSMT-VIS connectivity increases in the longitudinal cohort, while resting stateFC increases generally with age in the cross-sectional cohort. However, weconsider the possibility of a change in resting state scanner task between UKBlongitudinal data acquisitions.

Somatomotor-Visual Resting State Functional Connectivity Increases After Two Years in the UK Biobank Longitudinal Cohort