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With the rapid growth in the demand for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs), thecorresponding charging infrastructures are expanding. These charging stationsare located at various places and with different congestion levels. EV driversface an important decision in choosing which charging station to go to in orderto reduce their overall time costs. However, existing literature either assumesa flat charging rate and hence overlooks the physical characteristics of an EVbattery where charging rate is typically reduced as the battery charges, orignores the effect of other drivers on an EV's decision making process. In thispaper, we consider both the predetermined exogenous wait cost and theendogenous congestion induced by other drivers' strategic decisions, andpropose a differential equation based approach to find the optimal strategies.We analytically characterize the equilibrium strategies and find thatco-located EVs may make different decisions depending on the charging rateand/or remaining battery levels. Through numerical experiments, we investigatethe impact of charging rate characteristics, modeling parameters and theconsideration of endogenous congestion levels on the optimal chargingdecisions. Finally, we conduct numerical studies on real-world data and findthat some EV users with slower charging rates may benefit from theparticipation of fast-charging EVs.

Optimal EV Charging Decisions Considering Charging Rate Characteristics and Congestion Effects