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The rapidly increasing number of satellites in Earth's orbit motivates thedevelopment of Space Domain Awareness (SDA) capabilities using widefield-of-view sensor systems that can perform simultaneous detections. Thiswork demonstrates preliminary orbit determination capability for Low EarthOrbit objects using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) at commercial FMfrequencies. The developed method was tested on observations of 32 satellitepasses and the extracted measurements were used to perform orbit determinationfor the targets using a least-squares fitting approach. The target satellitesspan a range in altitude and Radar Cross Section, providing examples of bothhigh and low signal-to-noise detections. The estimated orbital elements for thesatellites are validated against the publicly available TLE updates provided bythe Space Surveillance Network (SSN) and the preliminary estimates are found tobe in close agreement. The work successfully test for re-acquisition using thedetermined orbital elements and finds the prediction to improve when multipleorbits are used for orbit determination. The median uncertainty in the angularposition for objects in LEO (range less than 1000 km) is found to be 860 m inthe cross-track direction and 780 m in the in-track direction, which arecomparable to the typical uncertainty of 1 km in the publicly available TLE.The techniques, therefore, demonstrate the MWA to be capable of being avaluable contributor to the global SDA community. Based on the understanding ofthe MWA SDA system, this paper also briefly describes methods to mitigate theimpact of FM-reflecting LEO satellites on radio astronomy observations, and howmaintaining a catalog of FM-reflecting LEO objects is in the best interests ofboth SDA and radio astronomy.

Demonstration of Orbit Determination for LEO Objects using the Murchison Widefield Array