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Computer-based simulations of non-invasive cardiac electrical outputs, suchas electrocardiograms and body surface potential maps, usually entail severecomputational costs due to the need of capturing fine-scale processes and tothe complexity of the heart-torso morphology. In this work, we model cardiacelectrical outputs by employing a coupled model consisting of areaction-diffusion model - either the bidomain model or the most efficientpseudo-bidomain model - on the heart, and an elliptic model in the torso. Wethen solve the coupled problem with a segregated and staggered in-timenumerical scheme, that allows for independent and infrequent solution in thetorso region. To further reduce the computational load, main novelty of thiswork is in introduction of an interpolation method at the interface between theheart and torso domains, enabling the use of non-conforming meshes, and thenumerical framework application to realistic cardiac and torso geometries. Thereliability and efficiency of the proposed scheme is tested against thecorresponding state-of-the-art bidomain-torso model. Furthermore, we explorethe impact of torso spatial discretization and geometrical non-conformity onthe model solution and the corresponding clinical outputs. The investigation ofthe interface interpolation method provides insights into the influence oftorso spatial discretization and of the geometrical non-conformity on thesimulation results and their clinical relevance.

A staggered-in-time and non-conforming-in-space numerical framework for realistic cardiac electrophysiology outputs