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Collapsing massive stars lead to a broad range of astrophysical transients,whose multi-wavelength emission is powered by a variety of processes includingradioactive decay, activity of the central engine, and interaction of theoutflows with a dense circumstellar medium. These transients are also candidatefactories of neutrinos with energy up to hundreds of PeV. We review the energyreleased by such astrophysical objects across the electromagnetic wavebands aswell as neutrinos, in order to outline a strategy to optimize multi-messengerfollow-up programs. We find that, while a significant fraction of the explosionenergy can be emitted in the infrared-optical-ultraviolet (UVOIR) band, theoptical signal alone is not optimal for neutrino searches. Rather, the neutrinoemission is strongly correlated with the one in the radio band, if a densecircumstellar medium surrounds the transient, and with X-rays tracking theactivity of the central engine. Joint observations of transients in radio,X-rays, and neutrinos will crucially complement those in the UVOIR band,breaking degeneracies in the transient parameter space. Our findings call forheightened surveys in the radio and X-ray bands to warrant multi-messengerdetections.

Transients stemming from collapsing massive stars: The missing pieces to advance joint observations of photons and high-energy neutrinos