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Dense environments hosting compact binary mergers can leave an imprint on thegravitational-wave emission which, in turn, can be used to identify thecharacteristics of the environment. To demonstrate such scenario, we consider asimple setup of binary black holes with an environment consisting of ascalar-field bubble. We use this as a proxy for more realistic environments andas an example of the simplest physics beyond the standard model. We performBayesian inference on the numerical relativity waveforms using state-of-the-artwaveform templates for black-hole mergers. In particular, we perform parameterestimation and model selection on signals from black-hole mergers withdifferent mass ratios, total mass and loudness, and hosted by scalar-fieldbubbles of varying field amplitude. We find that sub-dominant gravitationalwave modes emitted during the coalescence and ringdown are key to identifyingenvironmental effects. In particular, we find that for face-on signalsdominated by the quadrupole mode, the environment is only detectable if boththe ringdown and the late inspiral/early merger fall in the detector band, sothat inconsistencies can be found between the inferred binary parameters andthose of the final black hole. For edge-on mergers we find that the environmentcan be detected even if only the ringdown is in band, thanks to the informationencoded in the quasi-normal mode structure of the final black-hole.

Impact of ringdown higher-order modes on black-hole mergers in dense environments: the scalar field case, detectability and parameter biases