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The encoding of qubits in semiconductor spin carriers has been recognised asa promising approach to a commercial quantum computer that can belithographically produced and integrated at scale. However, the operation ofthe large number of qubits required for advantageous quantum applications willproduce a thermal load exceeding the available cooling power of cryostats atmillikelvin temperatures. As the scale-up accelerates, it becomes imperative toestablish fault-tolerant operation above 1 kelvin, where the cooling power isorders of magnitude higher. Here, we tune up and operate spin qubits in siliconabove 1 kelvin, with fidelities in the range required for fault-tolerantoperation at such temperatures. We design an algorithmic initialisationprotocol to prepare a pure two-qubit state even when the thermal energy issubstantially above the qubit energies, and incorporate radio-frequency readoutto achieve fidelities up to 99.34 per cent for both readout and initialisation.Importantly, we demonstrate a single-qubit Clifford gate fidelity of 99.85 percent, and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 98.92 per cent. These advances overcomethe fundamental limitation that the thermal energy must be well below the qubitenergies for high-fidelity operation to be possible, surmounting a majorobstacle in the pathway to scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computation.

High-fidelity operation and algorithmic initialisation of spin qubits above one kelvin