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In freeze drying, thermal radiation has a significant effect on the dryingprocess of vials located near the corner and edge of the trays, resulting innon-uniformity of the products. Understanding and being able to predict theimpact of thermal radiation are therefore critical to accurate determination ofthe drying process endpoint given the variation in heat transfer of each vial.This article presents a new mechanistic model that describes complex thermalradiation during primary drying in conventional, microwave-assisted, and hybridfreeze drying. Modeling of thermal radiation employs the diffuse gray surfacemodel and radiation network approach, which systematically and accuratelyincorporates simultaneous radiation exchange between every surface includingthe chamber wall and vials, allowing the framework to be seamlessly applied foranalyzing various freeze-dryer designs. Model validation with data from theliterature shows accurate prediction of the drying times for all vials,including inner, edge, and corner vials. The validated model is demonstratedfor thermal radiation analysis and parametric studies to guide the design andoptimization of freeze dryers.

Mechanistic Modeling and Analysis of Thermal Radiation in Conventional,  Microwave-assisted, and Hybrid Freeze Drying for Biopharmaceutical  Manufacturing