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Stealth addresses are a privacy-enhancing technology that provides recipientanonymity on blockchains. In this work, we investigate the recipient anonymityand unlinkability guarantees of Umbra, the most widely used implementation ofthe stealth address scheme on Ethereum, and its three off-chain scalabilitysolutions, e.g., Arbitrum, Optimism, and Polygon. We define and evaluate fourheuristics to uncover the real recipients of stealth payments. We find that forthe majority of Umbra payments, it is straightforward to establish therecipient, hence nullifying the benefits of using Umbra. Specifically, we findthe real recipient of $48.5\%$, $25.8\%$, $65.7\%$, and $52.6\%$ of all Umbratransactions on the Ethereum main net, Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimismnetworks, respectively. Finally, we suggest easily implementablecountermeasures to evade our deanonymization and linking attacks.

Anonymity Analysis of the Umbra Stealth Address Scheme on Ethereum