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Protoclusters are the progenitors of massive galaxy clusters. Understandingthe properties of these structures is important for building a complete pictureof cluster formation and for understanding the impact of environment on galaxyevolution. Future cosmic microwave background (CMB) surveys may provide insightinto the properties of protoclusters via observations of the thermal SunyaevZel'dovich (SZ) effect and gravitational lensing. Using realistichydrodynamical simulations of protoclusters from the Three Hundred Project, weforecast the ability of CMB Stage 4-like (CMB-S4) experiments to detect andcharacterize protoclusters with observations of these two signals. Forprotoclusters that are the progenitors of clusters at $z = 0$ with $M_{200c}\gtrsim 10^{15}\,M_{\odot}$ we find that the S4-Ultra deep survey has a roughly20\% chance of detecting the main halos in these structures with SNR > 5 at $z\sim 2$ and a 10\% chance of detecting them at $z \sim 2.5$, where theseprobabilities include the impacts of noise, CMB foregrounds, and the differentpossible evolutionary histories of the structures. On the other hand, ifprotoclusters can be identified using alternative means, such as via galaxysurveys like LSST and Euclid, CMB-S4 will be able to obtain highsignal-to-noise measurements of their stacked lensing and SZ signals, providinga way to measure their average mass and gas content. With a sample of 2700protoclusters at $z = 3$, the CMB-S4 wide survey can measure the stacked SZsignal with a signal-to-noise of 7.2, and the stacked lensing signal with asignal-to-noise of 5.7. Future CMB surveys thus offer exciting prospects forunderstanding the properties of protoclusters.

Prospects for studying the mass and gas in protoclusters with future CMB observations