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With the increasing use of renewable generation in power systems, responsiveresources will be necessary to support primary frequency control in futurelow-inertia/under-damped power systems. Flexible loads can providefast-frequency response services if coordinated effectively. However, practicalimplementations of such synthetic damping services require both effective localsensing and control at the device level and an ability to accurately estimateonline and predict the available synthetic damping from a fleet. In addition,the inherent trade-off between a fleet being available for fast frequencyresponse while providing other ancillary services needs to be characterized. Inthis context, the manuscript presents a novel, fully decentralized,packet-based controller for diverse flexible loads that dynamically prioritizesand interrupts loads to engender synthetic damping suitable for primaryfrequency control. Moreover, the packet-based control methodology is shown toaccurately characterize the available synthetic damping in real-time, which isuseful to aggregators and system operators. Furthermore, spectral analysis ofhistorical frequency regulation data is used to produce a probabilistic boundon the expected available synthetic damping for primary frequency control froma fleet and the trade-off from concurrently providing secondary frequencycontrol services. Finally, numerical simulation on IEEE test networksdemonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Improving frequency response with synthetic damping available from fleets of distributed energy resources