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The injection of CO$_2$ into underground reservoirs provides a long termsolution for anthropogenic emissions. A variable injection method (such asramping the flow rate up or down) provides flexibility to injection sites, andcould increase trapping at the pore-scale. However, the impact of a variableinjection method on the connectivity of the gas, and subsequent trapping hasnot been explored at the pore-scale. Here, we conduct pore-scale imaging in acontinuum-scale sample to observe the role of a variable flow rate on residualtrapping. We show that the injection method influences how much of the porespace is accessible to the gas, even when total volumes injected, and totalflow rates remain constant. Starting at a high flow rate, then decreasing it,leads to a larger amount of the pore space accessed by the gas. Conversely,starting at a low flow rate, and increasing it, leads to a larger role ofheterogeneity of the pore space. This can promote trapping efficiency becausechannelling of the two fluids can occur, but less gas is trapped overall.Overall, a high-to-low injection scenario is optimum for residual trapping inthe pore space due to increases in pore space accessibility.

The role of injection method on residual trapping at the pore-scale in continuum-scale samples