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Dark matter is typically assumed not to couple to the photon at tree level.While annihilation to photons through quark loops is often considered inindirect detection searches, such loop-level effects are usually neglected indirect detection, as they are typically subdominant to tree-level darkmatter-nucleus scattering. However, when dark matter is lighter than around 100MeV, it carries so little momentum that it is difficult to detect with nuclearrecoils at all. We show that loops of low-energy hadronic states can generatean effective dark matter-photon coupling, and thus lead to scattering withelectrons even in the absence of tree-level dark matter-electron scattering.For light mediators, this leads to an effective fractional electric chargewhich may be very strongly constrained by astrophysical observations. Currentand upcoming searches for dark matter-electron scattering can thus set limitson dark matter-proton interactions down to 1 MeV and below.

Limiting Light Dark Matter with Luminous Hadronic Loops