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Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are compact nuclear power plants that offervarious advantages for energy generation in a sustainable way. With theirsmaller and simplified designs, SMRs provide increased flexibility, lowercapital costs, and enhanced safety features compared to traditional large-scalereactors by reducing the area accommodation drastically. This paper exploresthe development and potential of SMRs in leading nuclear energy nations,including the United States, India, Canada, China, and Russia. Along with thephysics behind it, cost optimization and advanced research & development (R&D)strategies employed to enhance the performance, safety, and finance of SMRs arediscussed here. By reviewing case studies, cost reduction potentials, andtechnological advancements made, this study deals with the significant role ofnumerous factors in shaping the future of SMRs. The content presented in thisresearch paper will not only contribute to the scientific understanding of SMRsbut also provide valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders andresearchers in advancing sustainable nuclear energy solutions. Keywords: Smallmodular reactors (SMRs), nuclear energy, cost optimization, modularity,performance, safety, economic viability, technological advancements.

Physics-Driven Cost Optimization and Advanced Research & Development  (R&D) Strategies for Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in Leading Nuclear Energy  Nations