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The ARES linac at DESY aims to generate and characterize ultrashort electronbunches (fs to sub-fs duration) with high momentum and arrival time stabilityfor the purpose of applications related to accelerator R&D, e.g. development ofadvanced and compact diagnostics and accelerating structures, test of newaccelerator components, medical applications studies, machine learning, etc.During its commissioning phase, the bunch duration characterization of theelectron bunches generated at ARES has been performed with an RF-phasingtechnique relying on momentum spectra measurements, using only commonaccelerator elements (RF accelerating structures and magnetic spectrometers).The sensitivity of the method allowed highlighting different response times forMo and Cs2Te cathodes. The measured electron bunch duration in a wide range ofmachine parameters shows excellent agreement overall with the simulationpredictions, thus demonstrating a very good understanding of the ARES operationon the bunch duration aspect. The importance of a precise in-situ experimentaldetermination of the phase velocity of the first travelling wave acceleratingstructure after the electron source, for which we propose a simple newbeam-based method precise down to sub-permille variation respective to thespeed of light in vacuum, is emphasized for this purpose. A minimum bunchduration of 20 fs rms, resolution-limited by the space charge forces, isreported. This is, to the best of our knowledge, around 4 times shorter thanwhat has been previously experimentally demonstrated based on RF-phasingtechniques with a single RF structure. The present study constitutes a strongbasis for future time characterization down to the sub-fs level at ARES, usingdedicated X-band transverse deflecting structures.

Characterization of relativistic electron bunch duration and travelling  wave structure phase velocity based on momentum spectra measurements on the  ARES linac at DESY