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Binary black hole (BBH) systems detected via gravitational-wave (GW) emissionare a recently opened astrophysical frontier with many unknowns anduncertainties. Accurate reconstruction of the binary distribution with as fewassumptions as possible is desirable for inference on formation channels andenvironments. Most population analyses have, though, assumed a power law inbinary mass ratio $q$, and/or assumed a universal $q$ distribution regardlessof primary mass. Kernel density estimation (KDE)-based methods allow us todispense with such assumptions and directly estimate the joint binary massdistribution. We deploy a self-consistent iterative method to estimate thisfull BBH mass distribution, finding local maxima in primary mass consistentwith previous investigations and a secondary mass distribution with a partlyindependent structure, inconsistent with both power laws and with a constantfunction of $q$. We find a weaker preference for near-equal mass binaries thanin most previous investigations; instead, the secondary mass has its own"spectral lines" at slightly lower values than the primary, and we observe ananti-correlation between primary and secondary masses around the ~$10M_\odot$peak.

Binary vision: The merging black hole binary mass distribution via iterative density estimation