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In a noisy environment with weak single levels, quantum illumination canoutperform classical illumination in determining the presence and range of atarget object even in the limit of sub-optimal measurements based onnon-simultaneous, phase-insensitive coincidence counts. Motivated by realisticexperimental protocols, we present a theoretical framework for analysingcoincident multi-shot data with simple detectors. This approach allows for theoften-overlooked non-coincidence data to be included, as well as providing acalibration-free threshold for inferring the presence and range of an object,enabling a fair comparison between different detection regimes. Our resultsquantify the advantage of quantum over classical illumination when performingtarget discrimination in a noisy thermal environment, including estimating thenumber of shots required to detect a target with a given confidence level.

Object detection and rangefinding with quantum states using simple detection