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Observations of elliptical galaxies suggest that black holes (BHs) mightserve as dark energy candidates, coupled to the expansion of the Universe.According to this hypothesis, the mass of a BH could increase as the Universeexpands. BH low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) in the Galactic disk were bornseveral gigayears ago, making the coupling effect potentially significant. Inthis work, we calculate the evolution of BH binaries with a binary populationsynthesis method to examine the possible influence of cosmologically-coupledgrowth of BHs, if it really exists. The measured masses of the compact objectsin LMXBs show a gap around $\sim 2.5-5~{\rm M_\odot}$, separating the mostmassive neutron stars from the least massive BHs. Our calculated resultsindicate that, considering the mass growth seem to (partially) account for themass gap and the formation of compact BH LMXBs, alleviating the challenges inmodeling the formation and evolution of BH LMXBs with traditional theory.However, critical observational evidence like the detection ofintermediate-mass black hole binaries is required to test this hypothesis.

Can cosmologically-coupled mass growth of black holes solve the mass gap problem?