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How do people internalize visualizations: as images or information? In thisstudy, we investigate the nature of internalization for visualizations (i.e.,how the mind encodes visualizations in memory) and how memory encoding affectsits retrieval. This exploratory work examines the influence of various designelements on a user's perception of a chart. Specifically, which design elementslead to perceptions of visualization as an image or as information?Understanding how design elements contribute to viewers perceiving avisualization more as an image or information will help designers decide whichelements to include to achieve their communication goals. For this study, weannotated 500 visualizations and analyzed the responses of 250 onlineparticipants, who rated the visualizations on a bilinear scale as image orinformation. We then conducted an in-person study (n = 101) using a free recalltask to examine how the image/information ratings and design elements impactmemory. The results revealed several interesting findings: Image-ratedvisualizations were perceived as more aesthetically appealing, enjoyable, andpleasing. Information-rated visualizations were perceived as less difficult tounderstand and more aesthetically likable and nice, though participantsexpressed higher positive sentiment when viewing image-rated visualizations andfelt less guided to a conclusion. We also found different patterns amongparticipants that were older. Importantly, we show that visualizationsinternalized as images are less effective in conveying trends and messages,though they elicit a more positive emotional judgment, while informativevisualizations exhibit annotation focused recall and elicit a more positivedesign judgment. We discuss the implications of this dissociation betweenaesthetic pleasure and perceived ease of use in visualization design.

Image or Information? Examining the Nature and Impact of Visualization Perceptual Classification