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We argue that the origin of unitarity violation and information loss paradoxin our understanding of black holes (BH) lies in the standard way of doingquantum field theory in curved space-time (QFTCS), which is heavily biased onintuition borrowed from classical General Relativity. In this paper, with thequantum first approach, we formulate a so-called direct sum QFT (DQFT) in BHspace-time based on a novel formulation of discrete space-time transformationsin gravity that potentially restores unitarity. By invoking the quantum effectsassociated with the gravitational backreaction, we show that the Hawking quantaemerging outside of the Schwarzschild radius ($r_S=2GM$) cannot be independentof the quanta that continue to be inside $r_S$. This enables the information tobe carried by Hawking quanta, but in the BH DQFT formalism, we do not get anyfirewalls. Furthermore, BH DQFT does not create any entanglement betweeninterior and exterior Hawking quanta which implies there is no entanglemententropy and the BH evaporation happens involving only pure states. Finally, wediscuss the ways our framework leaves important clues for formulating ascattering matrix and probing the nature of quantum gravity.

Towards a unitary formulation of quantum field theory in curved space-time II: the case of Schwarzschild black hole