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Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are promising candidates for future sustainabletechnologies, including applications within the renewable energy sector, suchas solar cells and indoor light recycling, and photodetection. However, theperformance of OPVs is still inferior compared to established technologies,partially due to the intrinsically low charge carrier mobilities and largerecombination losses in the low-permittivity, molecular organic semiconductors.To better understand these losses, accurate analytical diode models capable ofcapturing the underlying device physics are imperative. However, previouslyproposed analytical models have neglected the effects of injected chargecarriers, which is the predominant source for bimolecular recombination inthin-film systems with ohmic contacts. In this work, we derive a unified diodeequation for current in OPVs, which accounts for the interplay between chargecarrier extraction, injection, and bimolecular recombination. To this end, weuse a regional approximation approach to solve the coupled charge transportequations in sandwich-type thin film devices. The diode model is furthervalidated by numerical simulations and experimental data. The derivedtheoretical framework not only provides vital insights into the underlyingdevice physics of OPVs but is generally applicable to sandwich-type thin-filmphotovoltaic device based on semiconductors with low charge carrier mobilities.

A Unified Diode Equation for Organic Photovoltaic Devices