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Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in geological formations is a promisingtechnology for large-scale hydrogen energy storage. Although lessons werelearned from similar studies, including geological carbon sequestration andunderground gas storage, the unique thermodynamic and physical properties ofhydrogen distinguish UHS from the other subsurface storage projects. Wedeveloped a two-phase, three components reservoir simulator, which incorporatedessential physics based on the fully coupled multi-physics framework of theDelft Advanced Reservoir Simulation (DARSim). Hydrogen rich fingers wereobserved in the aqueous phase when CO2 was used as the cushion gas, becausedissolved CO2 increased brine density, leading to density-driven downwardconvection which was favorable for hydrogen dissolution into the aqueous phase.The highest purity of produced hydrogen was observed when CO2 was used as thecushion gas, whereas using CH4 and N2 as the cushion gas was favorable for thehydrogen production rate and mobility. This work is the first study thatutilizes an EoS based reservoir simulator to investigate hydrogen's flowpatterns and interactions with cushion gases in an underground storage system.The developed reservoir simulation tool and research findings from this studywill be valuable to support decision making in practical UHS projects.

Numerical Simulation of the Impact of Different Cushion Gases on  Underground Hydrogen Storage in Aquifers Based on an  Experimentally-Benchmarked Equation-of-State