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Emission spectra of neodymium (Nd, Z=60) were recorded using Penning andhollow cathode discharge lamps in the region 11500-54000 cm$^{-1}$ (8695-1852\r{A}) by Fourier transform spectroscopy at resolving powers up to 106.Wavenumber measurements were accurate to a few 10$^{-3}$ cm$^{-1}$. Gratingspectroscopy of Nd vacuum sliding sparks and stellar spectra were used to aidline and energy level identification. The classification of 433 transitions ofdoubly-ionised neodymium (Nd III) from the Penning lamp spectra resulted in thedetermination of 144 energy levels of the 4f$^4$, 4f$^3$5d, 4f$^3$6s, and4f$^3$6p configurations of Nd III, 105 of which were experimentally establishedfor the first time. Of the 40 previously published Nd III levels, 1 was revisedand 39 were confirmed. New Nd III atomic structure calculations were made usingthe Cowan code parameterised by newly established levels. These results willnot only benchmark and improve future semi-empirical atomic structurecalculations of Nd III, but also enable more reliable astrophysicalapplications of Nd III, such as abundance analyses of kilonovae and chemicallypeculiar stars, and studies of pulsational wave propagation in these stars.

The Spectrum and Energy Levels of the Low-lying Configurations of Nd III