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Located in the stratospheric layer of Earth's atmosphere, high altitudeplatform station (HAPS) is a promising network infrastructure, which can bringsignificant advantages to sixth-generation (6G) and beyond wirelesscommunications systems by forming vertical heterogeneous networks (vHetNets).However, if not dealt with properly, integrated networks suffer from severalperformance challenges compared to standalone networks. In harmonized spectrumintegrated networks, where different tiers share the same frequency spectrum,interference is an important challenge to be addressed. This work focuses on anintegrated HAPS-terrestrial network, serving users in an overlapped urbangeographic area, and formulates a fairness optimization problem, aiming tomaximize the minimum spectral efficiency (SE) of the network. Due to the highlynonconvex nature of the formulated problem, we develop a rapid convergingiterative algorithm that designs the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)beamforming weights and the user association scheme such that the propagatedinter- and intra-tier interference is managed. Simulation results demonstratethe proposed algorithm's superiority over standalone terrestrial networks andscenario where only the beamforming weights are optimized.

Enhancing Next-Generation Urban Connectivity: Is Integrated HAPS-Terrestrial Network a Solution?