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This article expands the tau-omega model to properly simulate L-bandmicrowave emission of the soil-snow-vegetation continuum through a closed-formsolution of Maxwell's equations, considering the intervening dry snow layer asa loss-less medium. The feasibility and uncertainty of retrieving vegetationoptical depth (VOD) and ground permittivity, given the noisy L-band brightnesstemperatures with 1 K (1-sigma), are demonstrated through controlled numericalexperiments. For moderately dense vegetation canopy and a range of 100--400$kg.m^{-3}$ snow density, the standard deviation of the retrieval errors is 0.1and 3.5 for VOD and ground permittivity respectively. Using L-band observationsfrom the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, a new data set ofglobal estimates of VOD and ground permittivity are presented over the Arcticboreal forests and permafrost areas during winter months. In the absence ofdense ground-based observations of ground permittivity and VOD, the retrievalsare causally validated using dependent variables including above-groundbiomass, tree height, and net ecosystem exchange. Time-series analyses promisethat the new data set can expand our understanding of the land-atmosphereinteractions and exchange of carbon fluxes over the Arctic landscape.

Global Estimates of L-band Vegetation Optical Depth and Soil Permittivity over Snow-covered Boreal Forests and Permafrost using SMAP Satellite Data