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Identifying and understanding implicit attitudes toward food can help effortsto mitigate social prejudice due to food's pervasive role as a marker ofcultural and ethnic identity. Stereotypes about food are a form ofmicroaggression that contribute to harmful public discourse that may in turnperpetuate prejudice toward ethnic groups and negatively impact economicoutcomes for restaurants. Through careful linguistic analyses, we evaluatesocial theories about attitudes toward immigrant cuisine in a large-scale studyof framing differences in 2.1M English language Yelp reviews of restaurants in14 US states. Controlling for factors such as restaurant price and neighborhoodracial diversity, we find that immigrant cuisines are more likely to be framedin objectifying and othering terms of authenticity (e.g., authentic,traditional), exoticism (e.g., exotic, different), and prototypicality (e.g.,typical, usual), but that non-Western immigrant cuisines (e.g., Indian,Mexican) receive more othering than European cuisines (e.g., French, Italian).We further find that non-Western immigrant cuisines are framed less positivelyand as lower status, being evaluated in terms of affordability and hygiene.Finally, we show that reviews generated by large language models (LLMs)reproduce many of the same framing tendencies. Our results empiricallycorroborate social theories of taste and gastronomic stereotyping, and reveallinguistic processes by which such attitudes are reified.

Othering and low prestige framing of immigrant cuisines in US restaurant reviews and large language models