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Optical neural networks (ONNs) herald a new era in information andcommunication technologies and have implemented various intelligentapplications. In an ONN, the activation function (AF) is a crucial componentdetermining the network performances and on-chip AF devices are still indevelopment. Here, we first demonstrate on-chip reconfigurable AF devices withphase activation fulfilled by dual-functional graphene/silicon (Gra/Si)heterojunctions. With optical modulation and detection in one device, timedelays are shorter, energy consumption is lower, reconfigurability is higherand the device footprint is smaller than other on-chip AF strategies. Theexperimental modulation voltage (power) of our Gra/Si heterojunction achievesas low as 1 V (0.5 mW), superior to many pure silicon counterparts. In thephotodetection aspect, a high responsivity of over 200 mA/W is realized.Special nonlinear functions generated are fed into a complex-valued ONN tochallenge handwritten letters and image recognition tasks, showing improvedaccuracy and potential of high-efficient, all-component-integration on-chipONN. Our results offer new insights for on-chip ONN devices and pave the way tohigh-performance integrated optoelectronic computing circuits.

Graphene/silicon heterojunction for reconfigurable phase-relevant activation function in coherent optical neural networks