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Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is a ubiquitous phenomenon at the solid-liquidinterface when an external electric field is applied. Despite its prevalence,the characteristics and mechanisms of EOF driven by an alternating current (AC)field, particularly within complex chemical environments, have remainedinsufficiently understood, owing primarily to a scarcity of experimental data.In this investigation, we advance the comprehension of AC EOF by employing ahigh-resolution measurement technique - laser-induced fluorescentphotobleaching anemometer (LIFPA). This method allows for precise empiricalcharacterization of transient velocity of EOF along the electric double layer(EDL) that far from electrode surfaces. We have discerned a distinct transitionin AC EOF behavior - from linear to nonlinear - across a wide parameter space,such as the velocity of bulk flow, the AC electric field's frequency andintensity, and the pH of the bulk fluid. Moreover, the transition within the ACEOF is quantified by the transitional electric field intensity, $E_{A,C}$,paired with a correlated dimensionless parameter, $Z_{nlc}$. A power-lawrelationship between the linear term coefficient $Z_l$ and $Z_{nlc}$ has beenestablished, with the scaling exponents determined by the pH value of theelectrolyte solution. With these findings, we aspire not only to deepen theunderstanding of AC EOF transitions but also to establish a robust model thatelucidates the interplay between the electric field and fluid flow in bothlinear and nonlinear regimes. This research potentially paves the way for morepredictable and controllable electrokinetic processes in numerous applications,including micro-/nanofluidic systems, electrochemical reactions, and beyond.

Influence of pH environment on the transition of AC electroosmotic flow